The Comprehensive Guide to Class E Exams: From Regulations to Cutting Edge Techniques

Class E represents the pinnacle of amateur radio education. Unlike Class N, where basic knowledge is required, Class E assumes a deep understanding of physical processes, the ability to analyze complex schematics and master international legislation allowing operation almost anywhere in the world.

PART I: LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONS (Legal framework)

1. International guidelines (ITU and CEPT)

• Článok 25 Rádiokomunikačného poriadku ITU: It states that the amateur service is intended for self-education and technical study. It prohibits the transmission of messages on behalf of third parties (with the exception of emergencies) and the commercial use of bands.

• Rozdelenie sveta (ITU Regióny): Slovensko je v Regióne 1 (Europe, Africa, Russia). It is important to know the differences, for example in the 7 MHz (40m) band, which is wider in Region 2 (America) than here.

• Odporúčanie T/R 61-01 (CEPT Radio Amateur Licence): This is a key document for Class E. It allows the HAREC licensee to broadcast in any country that has adopted this recommendation without having to apply for local permission (short term).

• Odporúčanie T/R 61-02: It defines the exam syllabus and standard for issuing HAREC certificates, which ensures mutual recognition of licenses between states.

2. National legislation in the Slovak Republic

• Povoľovací orgán: Regulatory Office (Office for the Regulation of Electronic Communications and Postal Services).

• Osobitná odborná spôsobilosť: It is obtained by successfully passing the exam before the committee. The class E test is more demanding, especially in the field of radio engineering and mathematical calculations (decibels, resonance, complex impedance).

• Platnosť a strata povolenia: The permit is issued for 10 years. The loss occurs in the event of a gross violation of international rules, non-payment of fees or a threat to the security of the state.

• Správne delikty: The Authority can impose a fine for broadcasting without permission, interfering with other services or using unauthorized performances.

3. Technical and operating conditions

• Pásma a výkony: Trieda E má prístup ku to all radio amateur bands (KV, VHF, UKV a vyššie). Maximálny povolený výkon je na Slovensku spravidla 750 W (depending on the specific band and type of operation), which is significantly more compared to 100 W in class N.

• Staničný denník: Obligation to keep records of each broadcast. Class E emphasizes time accuracy (UTC) and correct recording of the type of operation (eg J3E for SSB).

II. SECTION: HAM RADIO OPERATION (Art of the Air)

1. Emergency and safety communication

• SOS a MAYDAY: SOS is used in telegraphy (CW), MAYDAY in voice traffic. A radio amateur is obliged to stop any activity if he receives an emergency call.

• ARES (Amateur Radio Emergency Service): A global network of volunteers ready to provide connectivity in natural disasters when normal infrastructure fails.

2. IARU Bandplans

Bandplans are not laws, but ethical agreements of radio amateurs associated in the IARU. They determine which parts of the band are reserved for telegraphy, digital modes or voice traffic. Dodržiavanie bandplánov je v triede E povinnosťou každého slušného operátora.

3. Wave propagation and special modes

• Grey Line (Šedá zóna): The area between day and night. Wave propagation along this line allows for unexpected long distance (DX) connections on the lower bands.

• EME (Earth-Moon-Earth): Using the moon as a passive reflection surface. It requires extremely sensitive receivers and high powers.

• Aurora a meteor scatter: Reflections from the aurora borealis or ionized meteorite trails. These phenomena are fleeting and require a quick response from the operator.

III. PART: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND RADIO ENGINEERING (Theoretical basis)

1. Extended circuit theory

• Kirchhoffove zákony: The law of currents in a node (the sum of currents is zero) and the law of voltages in a loop. Indispensable for analyzing complex connections.

• Výkon a efektívna hodnota (RMS): Pochopenie rozdielu medzi špičkovým napätím ($U_{peak}$) a efektívnym napätím ($U_{rms}$). Calculation of the peak envelope power (PEP) in SSB modulation.

• Decibely (dB): Logarithmic expression of ratios. Antenna gain, cable attenuation or stage gain is calculated in decibels in Class E ($10 \cdot \log$ pre výkon, $20 \cdot \log$ pre napätie).

2. Components in detail

• Polovodiče: Differences between bipolar transistors (current controlled) and FET transistors (voltage controlled). Varicaps (diodes with variable capacitance) are used in tuned circuits and PLL syntheses.

• Tubes: Hoci sú v prijímačoch minulosťou, vo výkonových zosilňovačoch (PA) sa pre svoju robustnosť stále používajú. operátor triedy E musí poznať princípy chladenia a bezpečnej manipulácie s vysokým anódovým napätím.

• Integrated circuits: Operačné zosilňovače (OP AMP), logické obvody TTL/CMOS a základy mikrokontrolérov, ktoré riadia moderné stanice.

3. Digital signal processing (DSP)

Modern radio is no longer just about coils and capacitors.

• SDR (Software Defined Radio): After digitization, the signal is processed by software. Key terms: A/D prevodník, vzorkovacia frekvencia (Nyquist) a FFT (rýchla Fourierova transformácia) na zobrazenie vodopádu signálov.

• DDS (Direct Digital Synthesis): Digital high frequency generation with extreme stability.

4. Antennas and power supplies

• Impedančné prispôsobenie: Maximum power transfer occurs when the impedance of the source (radio), line and antenna match (typically 50 Ohms).

• Balun (Balanced-Unbalanced): Súčiastka na prechod medzi symetrickou anténou (dipól) a nesymetrickým káblom (Koaxiál). Zabraňuje plášťovým prúdom, ktoré spôsobujú rušenie.

• Antény yagi a paraboly: Smerové antény s vysokým ziskom. Operátor musí vedieť vypočítať EIRP (effective isotropic radiated power), which is the sum of radio power and antenna gain minus cable losses.

5. Measurement and security

• Osciloskop a Spektrálny analyzátor: Tools for controlling the quality of the transmitted signal (spectrum purity, suppression of harmonics).

• Security: Pri výkone 750 W vznikajú silné elektromagnetické polia. Trieda E vyžaduje znalosť bezpečných vzdialeností a ochrany pred VF popáleninami. Uzemnenie stanice musí byť oddelené pre bezpečnosť (bleskozvod) a pre VF funkčnosť (Protiváha).

Conclusion and recommendation for study

The E-class test is challenging, but it opens the door to experiments unavailable in the N-class—from bouncing off the moon to building your own power amplifiers. The basis of success is the combination of theory from physics with experience from practical operation.

73 and good luck with your exams!