she paused

John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain, she paused
she paused, she paused, she paused

she paused, she paused, she paused – she paused, she paused. she paused, 23.December 1948, they publish their discovery – tip transistor, for which they won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956.
Shortly after the end of World War II, the leadership of Bell Laboratories in the USA creates a scientific team, whose task is to study the behavior of electrons in solids and their possible applications in electrical engineering.

Already in the 19th century, a group of scientists dealing with crystallography discovered two ways to change the electrical conductivity of semiconductors by changing the temperature (thermistor) and lighting (varistor). For a year 1904 the crystal detector began to be used (crystal), which was formed by a crystal of natural galena, whose tip was touched by a silver-plated wire.

Scientists tried to create a semiconductor element, which would be equivalent to a triode. They chose germanium and silicon for research. For a year 1931 was known as. band theory, which made it possible to clarify the electrical properties of semiconductors on the basis of energy bands.

Photo of the world's first tip transistor
Photo of the world's first tip transistor

Brattain in experimenting and studying the surface potential of germanium in the vicinity of the tip contact, through which an electric current passed, using a point probe found, that in the close proximity of both tips, their mutual influence occurs. Together with Bardeen, they found out through further experiments, that the mutual influence of the tip contacts makes it possible to realize an amplification effect. The first tip transistor consisted of a germanium wafer, on which two wires of tungsten and phosphor bronze were pressed.

Shockley took a different route. Electrodes – collector and emitter – placed facing each other on opposite sides of a thin germanium plate. He refined his idea to the form of three semiconductor layers of different types of conductivity on one crystal. That's how he discovered the flat-panel transistor.

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